Medieval Chronicles and Their Limits

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A very large number of chronicles were written during the Middle Ages. Most of them were created in monasteries by monks who spent long...

The Rise of Representation

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Those who have the power to give money, or to refuse it, will sooner or later begin to ask an important question: why are...

Rise of Municipal Freedom

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In early European history, many towns and cities began to gain a degree of independence. Although the people still accepted the authority of their...

Gates Believed to Belong to the Constantinian Wall

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In Byzantine history, several city gates are mentioned that are believed to have been part of the original Constantinian walls of Constantinople. These gates...

The Northern End of the Constantinian Wall

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The situation becomes more complex when we look at the northern end of Constantine’s land wall. According to the Paschal Chronicle, the wall ended...

The Location of Zeugma

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St. Antony’s Ferry The place known as Zeugma, also called the Ferry of St. Antony, was located near the shore. It was most likely a...

Prosperous and peaceful

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