Medieval Chronicles and Their Limits
A very large number of chronicles were written during the Middle Ages. Most of them were created in monasteries by monks who spent long...
The Rise of Representation
Those who have the power to give money, or to refuse it, will sooner or later begin to ask an important question: why are...
Rise of Municipal Freedom
In early European history, many towns and cities began to gain a degree of independence. Although the people still accepted the authority of their...
Gates Believed to Belong to the Constantinian Wall
In Byzantine history, several city gates are mentioned that are believed to have been part of the original Constantinian walls of Constantinople. These gates...
The Northern End of the Constantinian Wall
The situation becomes more complex when we look at the northern end of Constantine’s land wall. According to the Paschal Chronicle, the wall ended...
The Location of Zeugma
St. Antony’s Ferry
The place known as Zeugma, also called the Ferry of St. Antony, was located near the shore. It was most likely a...










